Economy of Uganda

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Economy of Uganda
Statistics
Downtown Kampala
Currency	Ugandan shilling (UGX)
Fiscal year	1 July – 30 June
Trade organisations	EAC, COMESA, AU, WTO
GDP	$22.6 billion (2013 est.)
GDP rank	104th (nominal, 2013)
GDP growth	5.6% (46th, 2013 est.)
GDP by sector	Agriculture: 23.1% Industry: 26.9% Services: 50% (2013 est.)
Inflation (CPI)	6.2% (2013 est.)
Base borrowing rate	14% (31 December 2010 est.)
Population below poverty line	24.5% (2009)^[1]
Gini coefficient	44.6 (2012)^[2]
Labour force	17.4 million (2013 est.)
Labour force by occupation	agriculture: 82% (1999 est.)
Main industries	sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles; cement, steel production
Ease-of-doing-business rank	115th (2017)^[3]
External
Exports	$3.156 billion (2013 est.) (123rd)
Export goods	List[show]
Main export partners	Kenya 12.3% Rwanda 10.3% UAE 10.2% DR Congo 9.4% Netherlands 6.1% Germany 5.6% Italy 4.4% (2012)
Imports	$4.858 billion (2013 est.)
Import goods	List[show]
Main import partners	Kenya 15.6% UAE 15.4% China 12.8% India 11.7% South Africa 4.1% Japan 4% (2012)
FDI stock	$8.821 billion (2013)^[4]
Current account	–$1.908 billion (2013 est.)
Gross external debt	$5.223 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
Public finances
Public debt	$10 billion^[5]
Revenues	$3.2 billion
Expenses	$3.803 billion (2013 est.)
Credit rating	Standard & Poor's: B^[6]
Foreign reserves	$3.579 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

A family in a market in Kampala.

Endowed with significant natural resources, including ample fertile land, regular rainfall, and mineral deposits, it is thought that Uganda could feed all of Africa if it were commercially farmed.^[7] The economy of Uganda has great potential, and it appeared poised for rapid economic growth and development.
Chronic political instability and erratic economic management since self-rule has produced a record of persistent economic decline that has left Uganda among the world's poorest and least-developed countries. The national energy needs have historically been more than domestic energy generation, though large petroleum reserves have been found in the west.
After the turmoil of the Amin period, the country began a program of economic recovery in 1981 that received considerable foreign assistance. From mid-1984 onward, overly expansionist fiscal and monetary policies and the renewed outbreak of civil strife led to a setback in economic performance.
The economy grew since the 1990s. Real gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an average of 6.7% annually during the period 1990–2015.^[8] , whereas real GDP per capita grew at 3.3% per annum during the same period.^[8] During this period, the Ugandan economy experienced economic transformation: the share of agriculture value added in GDP declined from 56% in 1990 to 24% in 2015; the share of industry grew from 11% to 20% (with manufacturing increasing at a slower pace, from 6% to 9% of GDP); and the share of services went from 32% to 55%.^[8]

International trade and finance

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Ugandan export destinations in 2006.

Since assuming power in early 1986, Museveni's government has taken important steps toward economic rehabilitation. The country's infrastructure—notably its transport and communications systems which were destroyed by war and neglect—is being rebuilt. Recognizing the need for increased external support, Uganda negotiated a policy framework paper with the IMF and the World Bank in 1987 “ Uganda subsequently began implementing economic policies designed to restore price stability and sustainable balance of payments, improve capacity utilization, rehabilitate infrastructure, restore producer incentives through proper price policies, and improve resource mobilization and allocation in the public sector. These so-called Structural Adjustment Programs greatly improved the shape of the Ugandan economy, but did not lead to economic growth in the first decade after their implementation. Since 1995, Uganda has experienced rapid economic growth, but it is not clear to what extent this positive development can be attributed to Structural Adjustment.^[9]
Uganda is a member of the World Trade Organization.

Currency

Uganda began issuing its own currency in 1966 through the Bank of Uganda.^[10]

Agriculture

Agricultural products supply nearly all of Uganda's foreign exchange earnings, with coffee alone (of which Uganda is Africa's second largest producer - after Ethiopia^[11]) accounting for about 27% of the country's exports in 2002. Exports of apparel, hides, skins, vanilla, vegetables, fruits, cut flowers, and fish are growing, and cotton, tea, and tobacco continue to be mainstays.
Most industry is related to agriculture.

Transportation

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Uganda has about 30,000 kilometres (19,000 mi) of roads, with approximately 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) paved. Most radiate from Kampala.
The country has about 1,350 kilometres (840 mi) of rail lines. A railroad originating at Mombasa on the Indian Ocean connects with Tororo, where it branches westward to Jinja, Kampala, and Kasese and northward to Mbale, Soroti, Lira, Gulu, and Pakwach. The only railway line still operating, however, is the one to Kampala.
Uganda's important link to the port of Mombasa is now mainly by road, which serves its transport needs and also those of neighboring Rwanda, Burundi, parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and South Sudan. An international airport is at Entebbe on the shore of Lake Victoria, about 32 kilometres (20 mi) south of Kampala.

Communications

The Uganda Communications Commission regulates communications, primarily "delivered through an enabled private sector."^[12]

Mining and petroleum

Uganda's predominant mineral occurrences are gold, tungsten, tin, beryl, and tantalite in the south; tungsten, clay, and granite between latitude zero and two degrees north; and gold, mica, copper, limestone, and iron in the north.^[13]
In late 2012, the government of Uganda was taken to court over value added tax that it placed on goods and services purchased by Tullow Oil, a foreign oil company operating in the country.^[14] The court case will be heard at an international court based in the United States and could have serious ramifications for Uganda if lost; Uganda’s membership at the World Bank depends on its maintenance of “multi-lateral investments treaties and associated guarantees”. There is also a possibility that the country could be sanctioned by the World Bank if found in breach of trade and investment agreements signed bilaterally with the United Kingdom.^[14] The Ugandan government insists that Tullow cannot claim taxes on supplies as recoverable costs before oil production starts.^[15] Sources from within the government reveal that the main concern at present is the manner in which millions of dollars have been lost in the past decade, money that could allegedly have stayed in Uganda for investment in the public sector; a Global Financial Integrity report recently revealed that illicit money flows from Uganda between 2001 and 2012 totalled $680 million.^[15] Tullow Oil is being represented in the court case by Kampala Associated Advocates, whose founder is Elly Kurahanga, the President of Tullow Uganda.^[14] A partner at Kampala Associated Advocates, Peter Kabatsi, was also Uganda’s solicitor general between 1990 and 2002, and he has denied claims that he negotiated contracts with foreign oil firms during his time in this role.^[14]
In June 2015, the Ugandan government and Tullow Oil settled a longstanding dispute regarding the amount of certain capital gains taxes that the company owed to the government.^[16] The government claimed that the company owed US$435 million.^[17] The claim, however, was settled for US $250 million.^[16]
The Tullow Oil refinery that cost $1.5 billion has been put on hold due to governmental complications.^[18]^[19]